Geographic information systems commonly known as GIS has become a rapidly growing technological field that allows Geomatics Specialists to solve and model real world situations by incorporating digital spatial and associated tabular data. It is often defined as a comprehensive computerized information system made up of hardware, specialized software, spatial data and people to help manipulate, analyze and present the information used for storing, manipulating and analyzing spatially indexed information.

GIS operates on many levels and over the past decade has become an essential tool for most urban and resource planning and management organizations. On the most basic level, GIS can be used for simple digital cartography, to create various types of maps.

However the real power of GIS is through its abilities to use both spatial and statistical methods to analyze attribute and geographic information together. The end result of such an analysis can be vast amounts of derivative information, interpolated information or prioritized information.
Geographic information systems commonly known as GIS has become a rapidly growing technological field that allows
Geomatics Specialists to solve and model real world situations by incorporating digital spatial and associated tabular data. It is often defined as a comprehensive computerized information system made up of hardware, specialized software, spatial data and people to help manipulate, analyze and present the information used for storing, manipulating and analyzing spatially indexed information.

GIS technology can be used for scientific investigations, resource and utilities management, modeling,  assessments, development planning, cartography and route planning and many other applications.. Some of these and other aspects of the GIS field are currently covered on this web site including projects related to spatial database modeling, Geostatistical spatial modeling, mobile mapping, cartography, and interactive web mapping.

Below are some examples of GIS from a few of the many GIS based projects that I have been involved with over the past few years. The links are to PDF versions of papers, presentations and or manuals related to GIS, I have many more, if anybody is interested in a particular topic then feel free to let me know, as I may have a document available related to that topic.

Examples of GIS

• MacKinnon E (2004) Spatial GIS Vegetation Database and GIS Spatial Modeling at Kejimkujik National Park and Historic Site.
• MacKinnon E (2003) Mobile Mapping Application for Updating AGRG Weather Station data
• MacKinnon E (2003) Mobile Mapping Application – for Updating AGRG Weather Station data
• MacKinnon E, & Murphy J. (2003) Leica GS20 Professional Data Mapper – Leica GS20 AGRG Users Guide

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• GIS Directory
• GIS Dictionary
• What is GIS – power point presentation with more information about GIS
• GIS Theory - an Overview of GIS by The University of Melbourne
• GIS.com GIS portal site by ESRI
• Geomatica GeoCapacity
• Spatial Databases – models of reality

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Cartography or Map Design is the practice of creating maps or visual representations of a surface, as you would see it from above it. Traditionally maps have always been created using pen and paper, but since the introduction and wide spread use of geographic information systems (GIS) and computers, cartography practices have evolved more into the digital world. Most maps today are now generated using map software that falls into one of three main types; GIS, CAD, and specialized map graphic design software. 

Cartography | Basic Overview

A map utilizes a variety of colors, symbols, and labels to represent actual features and provide information on their
existence, location, and the distance between them. It can also indicate variation in terrain, heights of natural features, and the extent of vegetation cover. 

Maps often function as visualization tools for spatial data which is acquired from actual measurements and can be stored into a database, from which it can be later extracted for a variety of purposes. Current trends in this field are moving away from traditional methods of map making and toward the creation of increasingly dynamic, interactive maps that can be manipulated digitally, often known as
Web GIS. 

Most maps will contain a scale parameter that will allow the user to convert distance on the map to distance on the ground or vice versa. The ability to determine distance on a map, as well as on the earth’s surface, is an important factor in GIS and the spatial relationships between features. Other important key elements or features that you should find on a good map would be a title, a data frame, a legend, a scale bar, a north arrow, and citation information such as the date, the creator, projection, overview map location etc. 

The Map on the right is a to scale representation of one of the camp grounds located at Kejimkujik National Park
in Nova Scotia. It was created from survey data collected with a Leica RTK system and a Leica Total Station. The legend is hard to see in this screen grab (actual map poster was 2ft by 4ft) but the red line represents the road, dotted lines are trails and the green polygons are the actual camping plots. 

Below are some examples of Maps that I have generated for various projects that I have worked on or have had some involvement in, included are the date and the title of the map with a brief description. Clicking on the link will open up an image of the map with some details about the project (Note: most of these maps were plotted out on large paper sheets for display so some details were lost while generating these miniature image versions for the web site – also some of these are still on display at various places). 

Examples of Cartography & GIS Map Products

• MacKinnon E (2000)  8th International Marathon Canoe World Championship Site Map - designed for the International Marathon Canoe World Championship that were held in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia
• MacKinnon E (2003)  AGRG Annapolis Valley LIDAR Ground Validation Campaign - presented at the Geomatics Atlantic 2003 Conference held at Acadia University in Wolfville, Nova Scotia and posted at the Applied Geomatics Research Group seminar room in Middleton, Nova Scotia
• MacKinnon E (2003)  Jeremy’s Bay Campground, Kejimkujik National Park - campground was surveyed in 2003 and mapped for Parks Canada  MacKinnon E (2003)
  Jim Charles Loop of Jeremy’s Bay Campground, Kejimkujik National Park - campground was surveyed in 2003 and mapped for Parks Canada  MacKinnon E (2003)
• New Brunswick High Precision Network and AGRG 2003/2004 LIDAR Zones - presented at the Geomatics Atlantic 2003 Conference held at Acadia University in Wolfville, Nova Scotia and used during the ground validation survey in New Brunswick

Cartography Directory

• International Cartographic Association (ICA)
• Map Projections
• Google online maps with spatial search capabilities
• Map Quest online maps with detailed directions
• MSN Virtual Earth – Microsoft version of Google Map
• Web Cartography

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